PERCEPTION OF SUPPORTERS OF EKKLESIYAR YAN’UWA A NIGERIA (EYN) ON EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN BORNO AND ADAMAWA STATES, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to assess the Perception of Members of Ekklesiyar Yan‟uwa a Nigeria

(EYN) on impact of Boko Haram Insurgency in Borno and Adamawa States, Nigeria. Boko

Haram‟s attack on EYN churches caused damages in many ways which can be classified as social, physical, physiological, economical, moral and growth.  Six objectives of the study were stated, six research questions, and six hypotheses were stated in line with the objectives of the study. The total population of EYN members in Borno and Adamawa were 1,162,240. Nine Districts Church Council were sampled. Eight hundred and thirty five (835) respondents were sampled to represent the total population. Eight hundred and thirty five (835) questionnaires were distributed and seven hundred and sixty six (766) were retrieved. Oral interview was also administered to twenty five (25) „key people who were members of EYN. Among the people interviewed were: EYN immediate past National President, current National President, past General Secretary, and other National officers of EYN who have the sum total of the records concerning the Church and its members and what they passed through as Church officers. Observation was another instrument the researcher used as he went round the affected areas to see the victims of Boko Haram insurgency and their reactions. Also, to see some destroyed communities which enabled him to give fair information about the study area. Statistical package for social sciences, version 20 was used to find the frequency and percentages and mean scores. t-test was used to test the hypotheses because of two independent variables. The followings were the findings of the research; Socially, EYN members suffered hunger, thirst, lack of hospital, road network and shelter. Physically, houses, churches, shops, cars, herds farms were burnt down. Many EYN members, men, women and children were physically abducted.

Psychologically, members of EYN were traumatised, frighten, shocked and felt hated because of their experience of Boko-Haram. Economically, members of EYN were impoverished as they lost their belongings and jobs. Morally, EYN female members were forced into prostitution, youth went into smoking, drinking, stealing and violence as a result of the insurgency. The EYN church membership has been drastically reduced as many were killed and many fled to other countries and cities. In view of the findings, the following recommendations were made: To the youths, they should come back to the church where their hope lies. The government at all level to rise up to its responsibility of protecting the lives and properties, and parents to rededicate themselves and work in collaboration with the church towards taking their responsibilities and duties.

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Terrorism and insurgency activities have become a global menace to world peacesince first and Second World War. Terrorism has become more pronounced since the September 11, 2001 bombing of the World Trade Centre in America. The activities of terrorists and insurgency have been existing for a long period of time in some parts of the world. The purposes of insurgency range from ethnic to power struggle, resource control, doctrinal and faith issues and uncountable reasons depending on country and regions. Acts of terrorism in the past were not with strong force like the present ones which cover almost everywhere in the World at this 21^st century.

Bhattacharyya (2016) classifies the world most deadly terrorist groups according to their respective continents. He listed the world‟s most deadly terrorist groups that became a threat to world peace as follows: first, the Irish Republican Army was a terrorist group in Europe that was developed out of the Irish volunteers in 1913. Second, in Latin America, there is another terrorist group called Forcas Armadas Revolucionsrias da Columbia, meaning: “Revolutionary Army Force of Columbia” (FARC). Third, Asia is one of the areas of the activities of terrorists. In India, there is a terrorist group named “Nexalite” whose mission is to fight the upper class and to over throw the government. In the same Region, there is another terrorist group called “Tehrick-i-Taliban Pakistan”. This group was established in December, 2007. Their main target is to destroy big cities in America. Taliban is another terrorist group in Asia, but their home base is in Afghanistan. Their aim is to impose strict Sharia law in Afghanistan. Al-Qaida is also found in Asia which is considered as the biggest terrorist group in the world. The group was established in 1989 by Osama Bin Laden. The sect was responsible for the attack on America on 11 September, 2011. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (1S1S) is another terrorist group who gathers momentum sympathizers and members all over the world especially among the extremist Muslims. This terrorist group has carried out some wicked attacks even more than Al-Qaida. Africa is known for having a security threat because of the activities of terrorist groups. Many African countries such as Rwanda, Liberia, Sierra leon, Libya, Congo and The Central Africa Republic have fought civil wars and such wars created rebel groups that terrorized communities and governments of different African nations. The Peace and Security Council of Africa Union Commission (2011) has listed some dangerous terrorist   groups which include: Al Shabaab in Somalia, Lord‟s Resistance Army (LRA) in Uganda and Boko Haram in Nigeria.

Nigeria as a nation has experienced series of ethno-religious conflicts, civil war from

1967 to 1970 and the Niger Delta militant group. The conflicts and security challenges in Nigeria differs based on the regions. The Southern part of Nigeria mostly suffers the activities of the kidnappers and Niger Delta militants. Northern Nigeria has a different security challenge because; the region suffers ethno-religious violence and activities of insurgency. Between 1980 and 1985, Northern Nigeria experienced the activities of insurgency from Maitatsine group, which started in Kano and hit Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States. After some decades, Boko Haram came as in the footsteps of Maitatsine. Boko Haram caused more disaster than its predecessor Maitatsine Adeneyi (2011), Boer (2004) and Singh (2010) agrees with the above setatment.

Boko Haram sect started in Geidam and Kanama towns of Yobe State on

29^thDecember, 2003. The sect on that day attacked police station and public buildings. Boko Haram at this period was called by the Media “Nigerian Taliban”. In 2004, the group established a base at Kanama village in Yobe State and called it selve “Afghanistan”. They first appeared in Borno State on 21^st September, 2004 at Bama and Gwoza towns where they destroyed police stations in 2009, the sect commenced in a full fledge war with the Nigerian government when their leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed (Adeniyi, 2011).

The sect used several fighting strategies which include guerrilla warffare, kidnapping, suicide bombing in attempts to destroy the government structures, military and security outfits, Barracks, churches, business centers, telecommunications and private houses (Adibe, 2011). The mission of Boko Haram is to establish a territory governed by Islamic sharia. In order to bring this to reality, they fight any body and any group that oppose them, even their fellow Muslims. They fight against anything Western and their greatest enemy is the Church (Solomon, 2011).

Ekklisiyar Yan‟uwa a Nigeria (EYN) happens to be the most prominent church with the larger followers in the areas of Boko Haram operation in Borno and Adamawa States.

These two states suffer the most from sect‟s attack and many of their Local Governments were seized by Boko-Haram. Among the organizations that suffer most is EYN (Dali, 2015).

Ekklesiyar Yan‟uwa A Nigeria (EYN) is a product of Church of the Brethren Mission from America. The Church has been existing in Borno and Adamawa States since 1923 to the present. Missionaries of EYN Church from America, Germany and Switzerland established schools, hospitals, agricultural farms and churches which Boko-Haram destroyed in few days. These Missionary bodies have tried their best by establishing the Church with their resources, energy, and lives. Many of them died on the process, for instance Church of the Brethren Mission (CBM) nurse Laura Wine died in January 1969 at Lassa in Borno province hence the disease “Lassa Fever” (Church of the Brethren, 2014). The Missionaries opened four general hospitals, a leprosy hospital, mobile clinic, and dispensaries that served as social services following the example of Jesus Christ. The general hospitals and leprosy hospital played a vital role in converting people to Christianity even more than the verbal and open-air evangelism (Bdliya, Gwama, Mambula & Dali, 1998). As part of social services, the missionaries also established schools which include: Teachers‟ College and secondary school at Waka-Biu and primary schools as well. The schools served as an area of liberation to the children of the poor pagans who formally were enslaved by sin, ignorance, diseases, and human oppressors. These developments produced many Professors, Doctors, Governors, both civil and military, Senators, Federal and state legislators, Federal and state high court judges, Military Generals, Police Commissioners and other positions in civil service and

paramilitary.

The missionaries equally established strong agricultural development programme, both practical and theoretical in their Bible Colleges as part of their curriculum. They trained Pastors as model farmers for the villagers.  From 1962, the CBM gave the pastors a set of bulls and plough as loans for self-reliance in order not to exploit their members for sustainability. In the same vein, they trained the pastors‟ wives in entrepreneurship like: knitting, weaving, dying, sewing, cooking and other parts of Home Economics (Bdliya, etal 1998). For youth development, they established Mason Technical School for Driving School, Carpentry, Electrical work, Auto mechanic, Secretarial studies and Bricklaying. They also opened women training centres for women members who were not pastors‟ wives for sewing, knitting, dying and other home management courses. As part of the development, they established health auxiliary schools at Garkida to train dispensary attendants to work in every local church where there were no clinics. The local pastors and the village heads either Christian or Muslims served as the Chairmen of community development programme to dig wells in localities. These activities were called wholistic gospel.

The missionaries from the background who believed in none violence and peace handed their programme to the government peacefully. They had thought that if they had given the government of Borno and Adamawa States their valuable materials, the whole communities of these States would benefit them from regardless of religion or tribe. The government would manage them well and make free education and medical care affordable for the masses. The missionaries had good intention therein handing their valuable materials to government without compulsion by the government in 1973 which COB lamented now.

Borno State is located in North Eastern geo-political zone of Nigeria. It was created from the old North Eastern State of Nigeria in 1976. It has twenty seven (27) local government areas and land mass of 3,973km² with density of 29.9 km². It has a total population of 4,944,000 people (National population commission, 2011). The South District senatorial zone covers: Gwoza, Askira/Uba, Damboa, Chibok, Hawul, Biu,  Shani, Kwaya Kusar and Bayo Local Government Areas which the research intends to cover most. Most of the tribes were forcefully merged under the Fulanis, Kanuris and Pabirs who treated them harshly before the coming of the missionaries. The British colonial Administrators do not want the presence of missionaries in these areas because the people will get awareness and be liberated. The colonial administrators were exercising indirect rule through the Emirs who suffered the minority tribes even though most of them were not conquered by war as Ibrahim (1994:172) explains. “Although those peoples of the southern border lands of Borno including Margi, Chibok, Bura, Gwoza etc were incorporated into colonial Borno. Such powers that Shehu never exercised over them were extended by instrument of colonial administration”. Prior to the emergence of Boko-Haram, there were many oppressions and subjugations that these minority tribes were facing who were mainly EYN members even from the State Government. Such persecutions became visible in civil service with example in 1988 a Decree was passed and signed by Alhaji Musa Daggash (OFR) on 17^th April 1989 (SCS/459/3.1/2) in CAN, 2006:20 that:

Decree No. 43 of 1988 rested in the commission the powers to issue guidelines from time to time to the ministries/departments on the principles and procedures to be adopted in the recruitment and appointment of persons into civil service. In compliance with this new order, you are hereby directed that from now onward all new appointments must reflect the geographical spread of disadvantaged local governments: These are; Bade, Damaturu, Fune, Geidam, Gujba, Kaga, Konduga, Kukawa, Monguno, Ngala, and Nguru. All new appointments GL 01-10 must be from the catchment areas. Failure to do so shall render the offer null and void. Another Decree also was issued on 21^st April 1989 that all in-service training must come from these Local Government Areas as well as the promotion from GL 01-10.

 

All the Local Governments of Southern Senatorial Districts should not be given appointments from GL 01 to 10 as well as promotion and in-service (CAN 2006). We can see the beginning of the hatred against these South Borno Local Governments even before the rise of Boko-Haram. The reason the state claims was that, the above Local Governments were disadvantageous in comparison to the south L.G.As in Education and Economy because of the missionary influence.

The state is heterogeneous with Kanuri as the dominant tribe. Other tribes include:

Pabir, Bura, Margi, Kibaku, Shuwa, Kanakuru, Guduf, Mandara, Tera, Fulani, Gamergu and

Hausa. The State is considered by many as the home for Boko-Haram, but the sect started in Geidam and Kanama in Yobe State on 24^th December, 2003. Even though its major camp is Sambisa forest. See Appendix 1 for location.

Adamawa State is a state in North Eastern Nigeria with its capital at Yola. It was created on 27^th August, 1991 from part of the old Gongola state. It has twenty one local government areas, with Fulani as a dominant tribe. The state occupies about 3,917km² with population of 3,737,222 (National population commission, 2016). The Fulani language has an influence on the other minority languages in the state, but the state is one of the most heterogeneous in Nigeria. Even though Fulani is the most dominant tribe, they were more lenient to some minority tribes than Borno State even politically because Non Fulanis can be elected governors in Adamawa State for several times like: Boni Haruna, Abubakar Saleh Michika and Jibrilla Bindo unlike kanuris that cannot allow anyone to rule in Borno State

(Mamza, 2014). Some tribes like Janye, Nguba, Holma are about to lose their identity completely because of the conscious and unconscious domination of “Fulanism” (Mamza, 2014). C.B.M worked in the present central and Northern part of Adamawa State who opens their first stations in: Garkida of Gombi Local Government Area is Adamawa Central Senatorial District and Kwarhi Mararaba Mubi the same central Senatorial District, but Gulak in North senatorial District.

EYN Church Headquarters is in Adamawa State. It is in Hong Local Government area, precisely in Mararraba Mubi. (See attached map). Adamawa State has not been harsh to the Church and its members like Borno State. Adamawa State allows the teaching of Christian Religious Studies at all level of education unlike Borno State that vehemently refuses to allow the teaching of CRK in primary School and runs a religious Studies one tier in University of Maiduguri. (Islamic Studies only).  EYN is the dominant church among these

Local Governments: Mubi South, Mubi North, Hong, Madagali, Michika and Gombi while

Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria is majority in part of Hong and Southern Senatorial District of Adamawa state because of its headquarters in Numan (Moviid&Vestergaard, 2013).

It is worthy to note that the area marked as EYN catchment area were all affected by Boko-Haram before they were retaken back by the Government of Nigeria. With such historical complication, these areas were to be a country of its self chartered by United Nation Trust Territory because European Super powers were having an interest on the area like:

Britian and Germany before the Second World War, but when Germany lost the battle, France took over her colonies (NAK 1900-1960). The then Lamido of Adamawa complained as to stop the Trusteeship of United Nation and allow the area to be full Northern Nigeria because half of his kingdom was under British and half under France (Greene, 1956). The

Trusteeship replied to his request under the League of Nations that:

Under a practical workable system of international supervision of the administration of trust territories. The United Nation and the administrative authorities now solemnly join, hands in the great venture of reassuming by deeds, the inhabitants of the area as to their future political economic, social and educational advancement and ultimate realization of their aspiration toward self-government through independence (Greene, 1958:86).

This history goes to show how long the area of the study has been in struggle among strong Emirates like Kanuri, Fulani and Pabir. And also Colonial Masters like: Britian,

Germany, and France. In 1963 through Northern Premier Sir Ahmadu Bello (Sardauna of Sokoto), the area became Northern Nigeria. At present, 21^st century another new oppressor emerged (Boko-Haram) came to create its country following exactly the map of Trust Territory as reflected on the map, with red colour). The State is bordered by Borno state by the North West, Gombe to the west and Taraba to south west and it forms national border with Cameroun.  Because of the activity of Boko-Haram, the State was declared a state of emergency with Borno and Yobe States on 14 May 2013. Moreover, since then the state continues to suffer different attacks from Boko Haram terrorists. It is this background that led the researcher to have a concern for this study.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Church of the Brethren Mission (CBM) gave birth to EYN Church. The church helped in developing Borno and Adamawa States either economically, educationally, socially and medically. The impact of EYN has been felt by both Christians and Muslims in Borno and Adamawa States which has been known for its tolerance and peace between Christians and Muslims.The Church of the Brethren Mission and Baseil Mission founded the church; now

“Church of the Brethren in Nigeria” popularly known in Hausa as “Ekklisiyar Yan‟uwa a Nigeria” (EYN). The two Missions operated in a delicate and strategic location of the pagan area. The area in between Borno and Adamawa provinces had never been conquered either by Fulani jihadists of Adamawa or the Kanuris of Bornu Empire (Ibrahim, 1994). The pagan tribes were forced and divided amongst the three major tribes (Emirates) by British Colonial Adminstrators. The emirate are: Borno- Kanuris, Adamawa- Fulanis, and Biu Pabirs, by the

British colonial administrators for indirect rule before the coming of the missionaries (Ibrahim, 1994). These marked the beginning of the subjugation of the pagan tribes of the area and it led to loss of some tribes and their identity (Mamza, 2015).

In the early 19^th century, the missionaries found it difficult to operate among such oppressed cultures. Church of the Brethren Mission is from America and the area of its operation was a British colony. The British colonial administrators frustrated the missionaries in order to hinder their work to please the emirates (Bdliya, et al 1998). The British colonial administration was harsh to CBM missionaries and they had to abide by their policies as well as the Emirs of the area (Crampton, 2004). The missionaries used their social and economic impact to win the area (Bdliya, 1988). The missionaries of EYN understood the connection between church growth and persecution; therefore, they endured all forms of persecution to establish the church that spread all over the nation after 90 years. The area was also historically complicated because European colonists: Germany, France and Britain had clash of interest. This led to United Nations Trust Territory to govern the area until the referendum of 1963 which incorporated the area into the Federal Republic of Nigeria (NAK. 1900-1960) (See appendix 1). The Missionaries struggled to liberate the pagan tribes from the suppression of Fulanis, Pabir and Kanuri. The liberation was spiritual, political, social and economical.

After ninety (90) years of liberation, the new oppressors (Boko-Haram) emerged and put its strong foot on the former pagan areas that were liberated. The sect made its camp among the tribes in order to scatter and eradicate Christianity in the area. The camp is cited among the tribes which the Church of the Brethren had impacted, like: Gwoza, Chibok, Askira/Uba, Michika and Madagali.  (See attached map). There is another camp along Zur near Garkida where the first station of CBM was built (see attached map). Such attack is not surprising to the church because throughout church history up to the present day, the church is facing persecution as her Lord Jesus Christ informed the church earlier in Matthew 5:11-

12, John 16:1-2. That:  “You will be expelled from the synagogue, and the time will come

when anyone who kills you will think that by so doing he is serving God” (GNB).

Ekklesiyar Yan‟uwa A Nigeria (EYN) Church has impacted excellently on the lives of the people of Borno and Adamawa states and even beyond. The Church as an institution as well as its members have encountered serious disruptions from Boko Haram. Even though all Christians suffered the same persecution, but denominationally, EYN seemed to be worse hit. This research intends to find out the level of the impact of Boko Haram as perceived by members of EYN in the area of study.

 

1.3       Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the persecption of members of EYN on impact of Boko-Haram Insurgency in Borno and Adamawa States: The specific objectives are

to:

1. investigate the social Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on members of EYN in

Borno and Adamawa States; ii.          examine the psychological Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on members of EYN in

Borno and Adamawa States; iii. find out the physical Impact of Boko-Haram Insurgency on members of EYN in

Borno and Adamawa States; iv.         assess the economic Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on members of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States; and

1. assess the moral Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on members of EYN church in

Borno and Adamawa States;

1. examine the Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on numerical Church Growth of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States.

1.4       Research Questions

Based on the statement of the problem, and the objectives of the study, the following research questions are posed to guide and give focus to the research:

1. What is the social impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN church in Borno and Adamawa States? ii. What is the psychological impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of

EYN church in Borno and Adamawa States? iii. What is the physical impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN church in Borno and Adamawa States? iv. What is the economic impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN church in Borno and Adamawa States?

1. What is the moral impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN in

Borno and Adamawa States?

1. What is the impact of Boko-Haram insurgency on EYN Church numerical

Growth in Borno and Adamawa States?

1.5 Null Hypotheses

Based on the research questions, the following hypotheses are formulated to proof the research:

Ho₁ There is no significant difference in the opinions of male and female on the social impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN in Borno and Adamawa

States.

Ho2	There is no significant difference in the opinions of married and single respondents on the psychological impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States.
Ho3	There is no significant difference in the opinions of members in Borno and those in Adamawa on physical impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States.
H04	There is no significant difference in the opinions of pastors and members on economic impact of Boko Haram insurgency on members of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States.
Ho5	There is no significant difference in the opinions of Elders and youths on the moral impact of Boko Haram insurgency on member of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States.
Ho6	There is no significant difference in the opinions of pastors and members on the

impact of Boko Haram insurgency on numerical Church growth of EYN in Borno and Adamawa States.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following people: EYN church members, Pastors, Parents, Youths, Educational sector and government. Each of the group of the people will benefit from the research in the following ways:

The research will help the EYN Church members to know the depth of poverty and hardship caused by Boko-Haram at both individual and denominational level. This research findings have revealed the level of poverty which urgently needs attention of church to plan for human development and rural development through seminars and workshops to empower her members. This can be achieved through the Department of Integrated Community Based Development Programme that was established by missionaries as discussed in the work.

The study will be significant to the pastors for pastoral counseling and traumatic therapy of the members. The pastors after reading some experiences in literature about some affected communities will need special training to handle trauma especially the affected women and children. The study will also help the pastors to see the need of bringing the youths closer to the church in order to give them advice and guidance since church is the major hope of Christians. The pastor will apply the love and care of Jesus Christ in order to bandage the broken hearted and the wound of the affected ones. By this, it will show them that there is hope in Jesus Christ and life can continue. This can be achieved through the office of the coordinators Peace and Conflict Resolution as discussed in the findings.

The study will assist parents to see the need to develop some strategies for future investments. The research which will show the parents some causes of insurgency will also help them to check their children with the hope of protecting them from becoming members of the terrorist group. Reading the work, will give insight to the parents to re-adjust their parental responsibilities and duties as guidance and role models for the younger ones and society in general.

The study that will explains the danger of violence and its setback on youths, will help the youths to find new meaning in their lives and it will also help them to see the need to forget the past experiences. Also, it will enable them to see the need for collaborative efforts with non-Christians in order to fight terrorism and other related crises. After reading this work, which includes some ruined communities because of violence, the youths can develop the habits of patriotism, loyalty and hard work to care for themselves, family and society in general without being misled and used as agents of terrorism.

Educationally, it will be a document for further research and new contribution to knowledge. It will help educational Management at federal, state and local level to know the level of education backwardness in the two states of research as caused by Boko-Haram to enable them develop a new policy for the area. This can also draw the attention of some organizations like United Nations International Children‟s‟ Educational Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organizations (WHO) and other donors to assist in educating the children of the area by building destroyed schools supplying of school uniforms, books and other

facilities necessary.

The research will reveal the true picture of the suffering masses, it also will help the government of the area to create avenue for inter-religious dialogue to give room for the preaching of peace and tolerance in the society. The government will likely look into the means of economic empowerment for the people, following the findings of the study. The recommendations of the study will also help the government to create rehabilitation centre for the affected people and reconstruction of the affected areas through relief programmes in order to resuscitate the ruin communities. These will be achieved through teachings and supply of needs without diversion from the masses which the supplies are meant for.

1.7       Scope of the Study

This work covers Borno and Adamawa States. The reasons for choosing these two states are: first, these two states were worst hit by Boko Haram. Second, these two States are where EYN Church is more pronounced than any other states in Nigeria. There are other crises which include communal and political crisis in the area but they are not the major issues considered in this research. In Borno State, the research emphasis the Southern Borno state where Christians are many. In Adamawa state it considers part of central Adamawa

Senatorial District and Northern Senatorial District because of EYN dominance and the place

Boko Haram occupied. In addition, IDP camps were visited for observations. The IDP camps were in Maiduguri, the capital of Borno state and Yola, the capital of Adamawa state. The attach map in the next page explains clearly the location.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 1Map of North Eastern states of Nigeria showing affected areas of EYN Church

 

 

Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2015)

Key

The red colour in the map shows the EYN predominant Churches in Borno and Adamawa States. Even though Boko Haram attacked almost all L.G. A of the two States, EYN Church

is               not               more              pronounced               in               uncoloured               area

PERCEPTION OF SUPPORTERS OF EKKLESIYAR YAN’UWA A NIGERIA (EYN) ON EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN BORNO AND ADAMAWA STATES, NIGERIA

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