IMPROVING PB2+ AND NI2+ REMOVAL WITH PANDANUS SENDERI STEM CARBON

Adsorbents are prepared from the stems of the Pandanus senderi plant, carbonized at 600°C, and subsequently impregnated with 1M NaOH and 1M H3PO4 at 600°C using a muffle furnace for 3 hours. The resulting products are analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared and Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-ray techniques. They are also tested for their ability to adsorb heavy metal ions in wastewater under various conditions, including pH, dosage, contact time, and temperature. Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies are carried out on the adsorbents.

The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum reveals the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and lactone functional groups. Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis indicates that phosphoric acid-activated carbon (H3PO4-PAC) has a higher carbon content by weight concentration (86.38 g) than sodium hydroxide-activated carbon (NaOH-PAC) (84.42 g) and control activated carbon (CAC) (82.51 g). Additionally, the carbon derived from Pandanus senderi stems contains minerals such as calcium, silver, potassium, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum, magnesium, and sodium.

Adsorption capacity and metal removal percentages are determined under various parameters (pH, contact time, dosage, and temperature). The optimal pH for Pb2+ and Ni2+ adsorption, with capacities of 10.197 mg/g and 0.4013 mg/g, respectively, is found to be 4. The percentage removal of Pb2+ increases from 40% to 58% as pH increases from 2.0 to 4.0, while Ni2+ removal increases from 14.4% to 16.1% in the same pH range. Comparison of experimental and predicted values using the second-order kinetics model shows a good fit (R2 values).

Thermodynamic analysis reveals that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature, as evidenced by the study of entropy, enthalpy, and mean free energy. It is recommended that further studies include adsorption column experiments and the exploration of alternative chemicals besides NaOH and H3PO4 to enhance efficiency. Furthermore, the application of Pandanus senderi adsorbent in the removal of other heavy metal ions should be considered in future research.

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